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By admin, July 1, 2010 2:17 pm

While car accidents on the road is not something that happens to people very often it is extremely important to drive carefully and avoid having ones altogether. This will allow you to get a lower car insurance rate and save some money in the process. As soon as you start driving your priority should be to avoid any accidents. Remember to stay alert to the situation on the road and control the speed of your vehicle. This way you can spare yourself the stigma of a reckless driver, and such drivers are always offered worse car insurance rates than careful drivers.

People who really want to save as much as possible on their car insurance are advised to examine car insurance quotes available online and browse through offers of different companies. This way you can find both a cheap car insurance policy as well as one that is perfectly tailored to your individual needs and expectations.

One of the simplest methods to save some money on your car insurance is to keep you policy up-to-date. It is important to inform your car insurance company about any changes that might affect your determining factors of a car insurance. Such changes involve things like buying a new car, getting married, etc.

Newlywed people are entitled to combining their insurance with the insurance of their spouse and as a result enjoy even more coverage and benefits. It usually provides you with a significant discount on your car insurance. And if you were able to attend and graduated in defensive driving, you can also be entitled to additional discounts. There is also the method of comparing various car insurance quotes online and selecting the best offer available on the market.

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By admin, May 22, 2010 9:34 pm

It is important to be clear about the difference between asset values and business values. The method used in this appendix has been to value a business as a going concern: that is to value a whole collection of assets, tangible and intangible, together as an entity in their current business use. Asset value alone is not the same as business value, because asset value alone can be more or less than the value of the business in which it is currently being used.

If the assets alone are worth more than the total business value, it is worth considering whether the business should sell its assets and close down, or whether some of the assets could be sold and the business continued without them.

Our approach here has been to value a whole business, or company. If one wished to arrive at the theoretical value of each share in the company, it is obvious that one could divide the total value of the company by the number of shares on issue. However, in private companies this does not necessarily hold true. A minority shareholding (or a minority parcel of shares) in a private company does not always have the same value pro rata as the value of the total shareholding.

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By admin, April 23, 2010 10:09 am

In the United Kingdom, current (2005) multiples for larger private companies are in the range from 4 to 9, whilst the P/Es for smaller companies range from 2 to 4. If you follow the steps suggested so far, you will probably come up with a figure for your business within this range.

Valuing a business using the P/E ratio method

Having established how to calculate the FMP and to choose the appropriate P/E ratio for your business, we will now look at how to value a business using this method. The steps involved are as follows:

Step 1: Establish the future maintainable profit (FMP) of the business after taxation.

Step 2: Select the appropriate P/E ratio (or capitalisation rate).

Step 3: Multiply the FMP by the P/E ratio multiple selected, to arrive at total business value.

Step 4: Add the value of surplus assets, if any, to arrive at total value.

Step 5: To value the goodwill, subtract the net tangible asset value from the total business value. (If the total value of the business does not exceed its net tangible asset value there will be no goodwill value. If total value is less than net tangible asset value there is ‘negative goodwill value’ and it can be assumed that the value of the assets in some other use exceeds the value of the assets in the business itself as a going concern.)

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By admin, March 21, 2010 7:45 pm

Most business markets around the world have a two-tiered structure with a large variance between private and public company P/E ratios. Private company valuations are, however, still influenced by public company sentiment because of a trickle-down effect to the private business sector. Generally speaking, private company valuations do not fluctuate as much as public company ones, except where a private company is about to be listed on the Stock Exchange when very high multiples can be applied to it if it is in a fashionable business sector.

Various bodies publish indices of historic P/E values. For example, you could refer to the EDO Stoy HaywardlThompson Financial Private Company Price Index, which gives year-on-year P/E ratios for larger private companies.

Flotations of Internet-related, and other high-tech companies in the late 1990s were based on values that obeyed few valuation rules. It was not only that P/E ratios were high but also that in many cases they did not even apply, because the businesses had never made a profit! In these cases the only rule of valuation that applied was to capitalise hopes and expectations. Here we must rely on the forecasting powers of City bankers, which are beyond the comprehension of mere business people.

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By admin, February 22, 2010 1:01 pm

A, Dewing in his Financial Policy of Corporations (1938J provides the following guidelines to choosing a P/E ratio for private businesses, based on after-tax profits. These multiples were used for companies in the United States some 70 years ago and are applicable to a time of low economic growth. This is, however, a useful guide to P/E ratios for smaller private companies in the United Kingdom, particularly now that inflation is low.

For old-established business, with large assets and excellent goodwill: a P/E ratio of 10.

Well-established business, but requiring considerable management skis: P/E ratio of 8.

Well-established business, but subject to shifts in general economic conditions and products vulnerable to depressions: P/E ratio of 7,

Business requiring small capital investment, but above average executive ability to manage: P/E ratio of 5.

Small Industrial business, highly competitive, relatively small capital (one which virtually anyone could run): P/E ratio of 4.

Business which depends on special, often unusual, skills of one, or a group of managers, small capital, highly competitive, high mortality: P/G ratio of 2.

Personal service businesses, requiring virtually no capital. Owner has special skills and intensive knowledge of business. Earnings reflect his skill and it is questionable whether it can continue without him: P/E ratio of 1.

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By admin, January 11, 2010 3:09 pm

The sixth concern to evaluate before determining if you should move forward with your project is if your item is consumable. By that, we do not mean that it is something to eat. We mean that it is something that gets used up or needs to be purchased repeatedly. If your invention is something that is disposable, or is a one or two time use item, the same people will buy your product frequently. You can multiply the number of people who are likely to buy your product by the number of times they will need to replace it within a certain time period in order to estimate the market size. Manufacturers love products that consumers will buy again and again.

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By admin, January 10, 2010 10:31 am

The fifth criterion for your consideration is, again, a concern for the manufacturer/licensee and thereby a concern for you also. Manufacturers have a formula for determining whether it will be cost efficient to manufacture a particular product. The manufacturing cost should be no more than 1/5 to 1/4 of the retail-selling price. If your product does not fit this formula your chances of finding a licensing partner are greatly reduced. What this means is if your product can be manufactured for $1 it should retail for at least $4-$5 or it is unlikely that you can license it.

Do not pull the suggested retail selling price for your product out of thin air. Don’t base it on what your mother says she would be willing to pay for your product. You and your mother would probably pay more than any other person on earth for your product because you think it is such a great idea and your mother loves you. Too many inventors have an inflated opinion of what their product will sell for at retail. You will be exposed as an inexperienced product developer if you cannot make a logical argument for the price you suggest.

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By admin, January 9, 2010 7:56 pm

We once spoke to a woman who had invented a specialized eye glasses lens that was helpful to people who suffered from a very rare eye condition. She perfected and patented her invention. She had a limited run made of her lenses because they were very expensive to produce, then she took them around to show them to ophthalmologists who treated this rare condition. The doctors were universally enthusiastic about having the product available for their patients. The ophthalmologists encouraged her to take the lens to manufacturers of eyeglasses lenses to see if they would make them commercially available. She was over the moon with excitement. The lens worked and the ophthalmologists loved it! She thought she had a sure thing. She was wrong. Her lenses were so expensive to produce that none of the lens manufacturers wanted to take them on. The cost of making the lens would cause the retail-selling price to be so high that it would be cost prohibitive for the consumer to purchase. Even though it was a great product, they would not license it because it did not allow for a profit to be made on the manufacturing, wholesale and retail levels of sales. It simply would not be a profitable product. These were obstacles this inventor was not able to overcome. If she had done her diligent research before embarking on this project, she would have seen the potential problems. She could have saved herself the costs of developing, prototyping, and patenting an invention that had no chance of success. You can see from this example that sometimes a really great product will not make it to the marketplace because it does not allow for enough profit.

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By admin, January 8, 2010 2:41 pm

The fourth criterion that you must take into account is the cost of producing your item. Items that are inexpensive to produce are easier to license than expensive items since the monetary risk for the company is less with a low cost product. Ideally, the company to whom you would potentially license your invention would have everything they need to manufacture your product already in place. It would not require a lot of tooling up expenses for them. Obviously, to be inexpensive to produce, the cost of the manufacturing materials must be very low. If the raw materials are expensive, the product will not be inexpensive to produce. The cost of getting ready to manufacture your product, the tooling up cost, also goes into making a product inexpensive or expensive to produce. For example, if a plastic injection mold is required, that will greatly increase the initial cost of manufacturing your invention. Again, if you will be the manufacturer, it is no less important to have a product that will be inexpensive to produce.

If you plan to manufacture your own product then look at the answers to all of these questions from the manufacturer’s point of view as well as the inventor’s point of view. In a manner of s eaking, you are wearing both ”hats” and you must view your product objectively and dispassionately in order to make a sound business decision on whether or not to pursue this particular idea.

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By admin, January 7, 2010 5:31 pm

The third criterion is probably one you have not thought of but you can be sure that the manufacturers who might eventually license your product will be thinking of. You will have a much better chance of convincing a manufacturer to license your product if the benefits of your product are obvious. You may have a fantastic product but if the costs of educating the public on its benefits, why they need it and how it will make their lives easier, are too expensive, the manufacturer is likely to pass on your product no matter how terrific it is! If, on the other hand, the public will readily see the advantages of your product from its packaging or with minimal point of sale information, the manufacturer is much more likely to be interested in licensing it. If you plan to make and distribute the product yourself, it will be far less expensive and will involve less risk for you if it is something that consumers will immediately understand and desire without having to first be educated regarding the need it fills.